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What makes a website search engine-friendly?

Good use of keywords and meta data.
The alt attribute at pictures/photos/videos etc is also important to use, so that the search engine knows what the picture is about.
Good use of H1, H2, H3's are also important.
and do not forget.... UNIQUE CONTENT. Copy/pasting is really bad for your SEO scores.
That's about it.
 
Hmm, Along with on-page SEO. I personally use on-page SEO analyzers like:

Web Page Analyzer Free Tool for SEO
Free On-Page SEO Checker – Get Your SEO Score Now
Check Your Website's SEO: Free Analysis Tool & Audit Report

Those tools will give you pretty much good analytic on your website SEO. and you can fix them little by little.

And you also gotta make sure you site loads fast on different devices (Desktop/Mobile/Tables..)
PageSpeed Insights

Also you have secure you website (HTTPS) you can use Let's Encrypt - Free SSL/TLS Certificates
 
Ease of a indexing robot understanding what you are 'saying'
If you use AJAX, pushState() or other advanced HTML5 scripting you need to noscript some of your content if you want it to get indexed.
You can also use schema.org and forget all the old HTML4 that people still are 'preaching'.
Search engines are trying to be more contextual and semantic in matching a search's intent and context to a websites content and meaning.
The first think I do when I start to analyze web copy is strip out all of the HTML tags and entities ;)
sed -e 's/<[^>]*>//g' counts.txt |egrep -v '^/\*|{|}|var|//|<' |less
 
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